Four Freedoms by President Roosevelt

The study of our history marks the first step in understanding our earlier period which usually helps us to have a perceptive of the happenings and events that have taken place over years which can also facilitate improving the future. In this research paper we shall review the four freedoms which were articulated by President Roosevelt in the year 1941 (Crowley, 2010)[1].Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Four Freedoms by President Roosevelt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Throughout the discussion we shall elaborate the four freedoms in a broader way for better understating; we shall also describe the several measures that were put in place in order to ensure the four freedoms are fully achieved for the better of US administration and for the wellbeing of the entire population as well. Discussion The four freedoms reflect the goals and objectives of the American state. The four freedoms were spoken by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 6th January the year 1941 (Crowley, 2010)[2]. During a gathering of the State of the Union Address, when President Franklin Roosevelt was giving his speech he mentioned the four freedoms which he argued are basic for the humanity and all the population in the world ought to enjoy them across the planet. At this particular time the congress had made a gathering to discuss the necessary measures of protecting the state of America which they argued had been facing the worst security threat of all times. In the speech, Roosevelt started by declaring that there is a greater need to tighten the means of security for America because of protecting its citizens in the future days to come. In fact, he said that â€Å"in the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms† (Crowley, 2010)[3] which according to the US administration is the only ultimate solution for a better secured future. The four chief freedoms are; freedom of speech and expression, freedom to worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear (Wwnorton.com, 2011)[4]. The first freedom of speech and expression advocates that, all human-beings should be able to expresses themselves through speech freely anywhere in the world without any restrictions, while the second freedom represents the freedom to worship; it advocates that any individual should be at liberty to worship based ones believe any where in the world regardless of nationality (Wwnorton.com, 2011)[5] . The third freedom from want is a freedom policy seeking humanity liberation which if when translated into earthly terms it refers to the world-wide or global economic unity which when put in place can be able to secure economical stability, peaceful life and health life among others necessities for the entire humanity in the world (Wwnorton.com, 2011)[6].Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pap er with 15% OFF Learn More Lastly, the fourth freedom policy is the freedom from fear which also when described in worldly terms it calls for global reduction of weapons such as missiles, military force, and nuclear arms among other deadly armaments of mass destruction to such a point that, no nation or state can be in any position of committing national threat or actual physical damage to their neighbors around the planet (Wwnorton.com, 2011)[7]. As elaborated the four freedoms are policies to promote national unity, international peace and enable human development for a better society. As such, the four freedoms were accepted and welcomed unanimously by the congress based on the fact that they would improve the lives of the citizens and make progressive changes to the administrative system. Most importantly, the four freedoms can be argued as the basic liberty policies which when implemented will enhance the world wide security since they oversee harmony. Based on the fac t that the four freedoms were seen as a positive quantifier in the attempt to integrate safety measures in the planet, the US administration took this as a challenge in a way of fulfilling its promise to the humanity and as a mark of loyalty to the peace mission by keeping Franklin Roosevelt’s dream alive and honoring it (Eggers, 2010)[8]. Up to date the four freedoms have been honored for social change. The following discussion will broadly elaborate the numerous means and ways which Roosevelt’s dream was honored during those days and how it has continually been kept alive up to date both at the international and domestic levels. Immediately after implementation of the four freedom speech in the 1941, America was now under a new order. To honor the four freedoms, President Roosevelt influenced the introduction of the United Nations Honor Flag which marks the first step to honoring the freedom speech by Roosevelt in his execution of the duty to the citizens. As such, t he â€Å"The Four Freedoms Flag† (Eggers, 2010)[9] was adopted in the year 1948 and was declared to be a universal mark to symbolize all allies of the Second World War and their commitment to the goals of the Four Freedoms. In honoring this progress, the flag was designed and accorded the name United Nations Flag which was unanimously accepted world wide as a way to promote unity and peace (Crowley, 2010)[10]. Additionally, with the implementation of the Flag of The United Nations, all the associates’ nations made an agreement in which they also signed a treaty as a sign of commitment to the Four Freedom goals (Raskin and Spero, 2007)[11]. Furthermore, to indicate the level of commitment to the goals and meeting the objectives of the Four Freedoms, the US administrations and other associates nations made a universal crusade across the globe to advocate for the freedom policy. One such way is through keeping the recordings of President Roosevelt speech which have been p reserved up to date (Crowley, 2010)[12].Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Four Freedoms by President Roosevelt specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The recordings were also distributed for communication through the various forms of mass media such as the print media, the TV and even through the internet to ensure that every individual could at least have an access to the message of freedom. Apart from this, the Four Freedoms were also widely communicated through work of art by several individuals in an attempt to ensure effective communication of the message to promote the concept of liberty; a factual example of the case is the paintings of the freedom of speech, freedom from fear, and freedom of worship by one renowned artist known as Norman Rockwell among others who carried the art as a campaign strategy and as a way of thanks giving to the liberty policies (Bhikkhu, 2002)[13]. Today, the magnificent paintings are available in the library, museums, and national archives and even in the mass media to facilitate universal access. The foundation of the modern America was formed from the comprehensive struggle and determination to honor the freedom from fear which the civilians and US federal army schemed a strategy although it was painful considering what the commanders and the state men went through in order to conquer the fear of the ordinary Americans and achieve the numerous victories (Bhikkhu, 2002)[14]. Today, the US is enjoying the same freedom which can be attributed to Roosevelt’s motivational speech and the war victories America has achieved over years. On the other hand, the Americans have always honored the liberty policies by keeping every freedom alive. For instance, the freedom of speech and freedom to worship is one notion that has been endorsed over time. In America people are at liberty to worship according to ones believes. In fact, the modern America has a variety of religions raging from Christians, pagans Buddhist, and even American Muslims among others. Alternatively, the freedom of speech and expression is one among the other freedoms that has been honored and is very crucial in US up to date (Raskin and Spero, 2007)[15].Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Generally, the speech by President Franklin Roosevelt marks the first step towards global realization regarding humanity and rights. To the US, the speech was a mark of tribute to the many struggles by fearless individuals who seek independency. Today, America has continually honored the goals of the four freedoms by the fact that US administration stands in the front line to integrate peace; as such American government has always campaigned for the world wide peace by ensuring that mass weapons and other deadly armaments are not among the technological changes in the planet. The recent sanctions against Iran and Korea mark the signal that US is still committed to the four freedoms for a better society. References Bhikkhu, T. (2002). Freedom From Fear. Web. Crowley, J. (2010). Four freedoms: A Novel. New York: HarperCollins. Raskin, M Spero, R. (2007). The Four Freedoms under Siege. California: Greenwood Publishing Group. Wwnorton.com (2011). The four freedoms. Web. Egge rs, D. (2010). Zeuton. New York: Vintage books Press. Footnotes Crowley, J. (2010). Four freedoms: A Novel. New York: HarperCollins.    Ibid., p. 37. Crowley, op. cit., p. 62. Wwnorton.com (2011). The four freedoms. ibid ibid Op.cit Eggers, D. (2010). Zeuton. New York: Vintage books Press. Op. cit p.78. Crowley, 2010. Raskin, M Spero, R. (2007). The Four Freedoms under Siege. California: Greenwood Publishing Group. Crowley, 2010. Bhikkhu, T. (2002). Freedom From Fear. ibid Bhikkhu, T. (2002). This essay on Four Freedoms by President Roosevelt was written and submitted by user Megan A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Water Pollution in the Jamaican Society Essays

Water Pollution in the Jamaican Society Essays Water Pollution in the Jamaican Society Paper Water Pollution in the Jamaican Society Paper NEAP revealed, concerned the discharge of trade effluent into the environment without the requisite license, while the reported breach under the Wildlife Protection Act had to do with allowing a toxic substance into a water body that contains fish. The preliminary water sample test results were showing that the ROI Cobber had a pH level of 1 1. 2 on August 30 when the fish kill was detected. Our results were 11. 2, which is very close to 14. That level was very alkaline and resulted in the fish kill, NEAP told the Sunday Observer. They added that the presence of sodium hydroxide, an alkaline sodium compound used by bauxite companies in their operations, had likely caused the waters alkalinity. The National Environment and Planning Agency (NEAP), has served an Enforcement Notice on the National Water Commission (NC) for the alleged discharge of improperly treated trade effluent from a sewer main on North Street, Kingston. The sewer main empties into a gully that discharges into the Kingston Harbor. The discharge of improperly treated trade effluent into the environment poses a serious threat to the health of persons in immunities in the vicinity, as well as to the natural resources within the Kingston Harbor, said a statement from NEAP For non-point pollution in particular, prevention is the most effective measure. Harmful production, consumption and disposal practices need to be monitored, controlled, and where possible prohibited, to prevent hazardous substances from reaching water bodies and impacting human and ecosystem health. Destruction is a mans will, nevertheless prevention is also a mans will, its a mans choice to choose between destruction and prevention. Pollution is an everyday thing, e all do it, we see friends, family and strangers do it, we know it is wrong so why do we further the destruction of our island? We are not just killing the small fishes in the sea, or making our beaches look unpleasant but making our small home unfit for our living. It has been written that the meek shall inherit the earth. What has not been written is that they shall inherit it after the greedy and the selfish have already polluted the air, fouled the water and poisoned the food chain. The actual moral of the parable is stand up for yourself, for our planet and for all who dwell here.

Business Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Report - Essay Example at the inspection exercise is successful, and assists the organization to offer superior products and services which will effectively and efficiently meet the needs of the customers. The rapidly growing population of people in Mount Union University, and surrounding areas, has lead to the increased demand of food services. Even though the demand for the food services is high, stakeholders of Mount Union University have a common agreement that the quality should never be compromised. These stakeholders include; the local authority, the universities administration, ministry in charge of public health and nutrition, local residents association, and the students body. Therefore, there is need to expand the capacity of major food services provider in the region like the AVI Food Systems Inc. There is also need to ensure that the food services providers meet the expected health, safety and quality standards. Meeting these standards will lead to customer satisfaction, in addition to health and nutritional benefits. The purpose of site inspection at AVI Food Systems Inc entails six main areas. Firstly, the capacity of the facility to expand should be described. This will ensure that the facilities accommodate more customers in future. Secondly, the health standards of the site should be enhanced further. This entails putting in place superior waste management facilities and practices. High standards of cleanliness should further be maintained. This will ensure adherence to proper public health requirements. Thirdly, the increased customer number calls for enhanced safety within the premises of AVI Food Systems Inc. This entails provision of safety equipment and programs. Fourth, the quality of food should be improved, to ensure satisfaction of the swelling customer numbers. Fifth, an effective Restaurant information System should be installed to ensure effective communication between customers and the facility’s staffs. Lastly, the staffs of AVI Food System Inc should

Lockheed Martin vs Boeing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Lockheed Martin vs Boeing - Essay Example Over the last few decades, the aviation industry has witnessed significant changes in its overall operating business environment. This change has resulted in creating both favorable as well as unfavorable circumstances. Nonetheless, these changes fundamentally impose challenges within an aviation industry to sustain the business efficiently by relying on the old business model (Office of Inspector General, 2012). At the same time, the current aviation industry can be regarded as highly competitive, high-technology and safety sensitive. Contextually, the effective human resource management (HRM) has emerged as one of the primary options among the airline companies in the aviation industry to establish their competitive advantages over their competitors. Due to the increasing customer awareness and expectation along with intense competition flourishing in the industry, the performance of an airline company is largely being determined by the efficiency and competencies of its human reso urces. Additionally, in order to survive in the global aviation industry, it is often being argued that a company must have skilled and dedicated employees who contribute their best for transforming the company’s mission and vision into reality. ... of human resource management (HRM) on the aviation industry and compares and contrasts the HRM practices of two major companies currently operating around the world which include Lockheed Martin and Boeing. Impact of Human Resource Management on the Aviation Industry Role of HRM in Aviation Industry Human resource management (HRM) is firmly related with the management of human assets within the internal context of an organization. The HRM deals with certain specific activities and practices that are being related with planning, developing, and retaining the most appropriate number of skilled and competent staffs within an organization which in turn facilitates in gaining competitive advantages and attaining the organization’s goals and objectives. Additionally, the role of HRM has dramatically expanded almost in all the sectors of business. Consequently, aviation industry is one where the dimensions of HRM are often being perceived as the crucial factors for attaining competit ive advantages in the highly competitive industry. Thus, the airline companies in the global aviation industry are primarily engaged in framing and implementing their own human resource strategies in order to seek the advantages of their efficient HRM over their major competitors in the current as well as future aspects. The aviation industry is also engulfed by several challenges from various sources such as recession, changes in technology and privatization. In order to warmly respond to such circumstances the global aviation industry has undertaken numerous measures to effectively tackle these problems arising from the aforesaid issues. A few major measures that have been widely implemented in the aviation industry include cost control strategies, positioning strategies and most importantly

Human Disease Insight (HDI) Database Development

Human Disease Insight (HDI) Database Development Motivation: The scope of the Human Disease Insight (HDI) will not be limited to researchers or doctors but also provide basic information to common people and creating awareness among them and thereby reducing the chances of suffering due to ignorance. The integrated bioinformatics tools within the database will enable researchers to perform comparison among the disease specific genes, and perform protein analysis, search for biomarkers and identification of potential vaccine candidates. Eventually the tools would be of great help to analyze facts about the diseases. Results: The HDI is a knowledge based resource for human disease information to both scientists as well as general public. Here, our mission is to provide a comprehensive human disease database containing most of the useful information with extensive cross-referencing. HDI is a knowledge management system that acts as a central hub to access information about human diseases, drugs and genes involved in various diseases. In addition, the HDI contains well classified bioinformatics tool with description. HDI provides two types of search capabilities, and has provision for downloading, uploading and searching disease/gene/drug related information. Logistics designed for HDI allow regular updation of the database. Availability and implementation: The HDI is freely accessible at http://humandiseaseinsight.com, with user-friendly web interface, and is highly useful to the physicians, researchers, patient and general public. Keywords: Database, Knowledge Management System, Relational Database Management System, Three-Tier Architecture, Web-Server, Mysql, Disease, Gene, Drug 1. Introduction Scientists have documented diseases pertaining to a specific category in various online databases. Due to advancement in science and technology, especially genomics and information technology, we have entered in an exciting era of modern biology. The major challenge, that medical science community presently facing, is the integration of vast and rapidly growing volumes of information on various diseases into a holistic understanding. Recent progress of disease genetics and genome-related medicine has been considerable, with extensive data being generated. The remarkable approach of the Human Genome Project in identification of most of the human genome, transcriptome and proteome, and making them publicly available through online databases, assisted in in-depth inspection of disease genetics. At present databases containing information about human diseases are focused predominantly on a particular category: all known Mandelian disorders (Hamosh, et al., 2005), infectious disease database, rare children diseases (http://www.madisonsfoundation.org/index.php), hereditary ocular disease (https://disorders.eyes.arizona.edu), dermatological diseases (http://www.aocd.org/) and gastrointestinal diseases (http://www.gastro.net.au/). Such attempts enormously uplift the efforts related to prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, developing new approaches to alleviate the consequences of life threatening diseases. However, till date no disease database is populated with guidance towards bioinformatics tools and information available for common individual. Integration of all human diseases from different categories at a common place has become an important issue in the Bioinformatics. Over a period of time, amendments in diagnostic evaluation and treatment emerges. In order to facilitate the community with the latest knowledge of human diseases and discovery of gene involved in diseases, we have created a Knowledge Management System (KMS), that includes information of various categories of human diseases, drugs used to cure the diseases, genes involved in causing the diseases and bioinformatics tools to analyze the involved gene. HDI is thus a comprehensive database of human diseases classified in various categories and cross linked to other databases to retrieve a detailed knowledge of genes, drugs and tools. HDI has broader utility in that it renders clinical information for physicians, genetic information and tools classification for researchers and general description of disease for general public. 2. OVERVIEW OF THE DATABASE Human Disease Insight (HDI) introduces an integrated knowledgebase of diseases, genes, drugs and bioinformatics tools list, with a user friendly interface. It is designed to assemble, store, organize and display information about human diseases, genes associated with human diseases and drugs used to cure diseases in conjunction with classified list of bioinformatics tools for sequence analysis and structure modeling of genes/protein. HDI currently includes information about 625 human diseases, 320 drugs, 1440 gene and classified list of bioinformatics tools (Table 1). Diseases have been classified into 12 categories, each category has been populated with disease information that includes synonym/s, pathogen, general description of disease, gene, clinical features, pathways, investigations, prevention, treatment, risk factor, prevalence and references (Kanehisa and Goto, 2000), (http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/), (http://www.medscape.com/). Drugs have been classified into 26 broad categories. Assignment of the genes to human diseases are enlisted with links to NCBI (Maglott, et al., 2007) and UniProt (Wu, et al., 2006) for detailed information. Bioinformatics tools are broadly classified into 3 main categories, each category is then categorized into further sub categories. Information collected for disease, drugs and genes are interconnected in such a way that through disease option, multiple genes and/or multiple drugs involved in a particular disease can be retrieved, through drugs option number of diseases where a particular drug can be used is retrieved and through gene option number of disease/s where a particular gene is involved can be displayed. These information can be accessed freely. The information is curated and updated regularly. 3. Database Structure HDI, is a knowledge based data ware house, that provides an integrated and curated repository of human diseases, drugs and reported genes involved in the pathogenesis of the disease along with the links to bioinformatics tools. Classification of bioinformatics tools with description and links to their respective web pages assists in performing research analysis of gene/protein sequence/s. HDI endows user friendly web interface to allow user to retrieve, download and upload information through interactive web forms. The schematic representation of the logistics used in HDI is shown in Figure1. 3.1. Software design and implementation The data ware house HDI is developed and implemented on a three-tier architecture-user/client, web-interface and relational database management system (RDBMS) backend. User/client can be a physician, researcher, student and/or general public. The web interface is comprised of web pages and web forms, designed in HTML5, CSS, PHP, javascript, ajax, jquery and MySql queries, to provide common gateway interface. At the backend we have created data marts of various information pertaining to human diseases. This developed database is dynamically constructed, web pages and web forms are interlinked with the data ware house created at the backend, for querying the database as instructed by the end user through button clicks and drop down menus. The data ware house created at the backend is a relational database, managed with MySql developed on Windows operating system. For web services, Apache HTTP web server was used. Data mining was performed to retrieve information for human diseases, gen es, drug and tools through various web resources and text books, obtained data was then subjected to curation and uploaded to the database. Framework for HDI primarily consists of tables for disease, drugs and genes information including bioinformatics tools. Diseases are classified broadly into 12 categories. Each category is populated with number of diseases. Each entry in HDI provides a comprehensive information about human disease characterized by synonyms, general description, pathogen, gene involved, clinical features, pathways, investigations, prevention, treatment, drug, prevalence, risk factors and references. The drugs are classified into 26 broad categories, each category is populated with number of drugs with their description and links to Drug databank for detailed information. Genes involved in human diseases are collected and their links to NCBI and UniProt are provided in drop down menu to retrieve elaborate knowledge. For convenience of users, major bioinformatics tools with description and links are classified in an effort to guide them for performing specified analysis of the gene/protein. HDI can be p ublicly accessed from any web browser at http://humandiseaseinsight.com. 3.2. Data curation The HDI is being enhanced through continued efforts to improve diseases knowledge and interlinking of disease, drug and gene tables to obtain optimum information. The information made available for the user is achieved after extensive data mining process. Knowledge thus obtained is managed in a relational database through cross linking to fetch the data stored in the data ware house of HDI and through cross linking of the web resources (NCBI, UniProt and DrugBank) Genes which are related to human diseases are included in the database, and are interlinked with the disease tables so as to get the name/s of disease/s governed by a specific gene. 3.3. Knowledgebase access HDI data can be retrieved efficiently through drop down menus and search functions provided on each page of the web site. User can access alphabetically ordered diseases, drugs, genes and tools through drop down menu. Diseases from different categories can be selected through drop down menu. Clicking on the disease displays the stored information about the disease. Similarly, drugs can be selected from different categories in the drop down menu, clicking on any drug will give its description, disease/s that can be cured and linked with the drug bank for detail. For convenience of users, two different search boxes are provided. One search box present at the home page can search the complete data mart for diseases in the data ware house of the HDI. To enhance the usability of this search box, codes were written to provide auto-complete search suggestion to the user that would save searching time and do spelling correction. Another search present on each page is Google search box, which searches for the term entered, in the database as well as on the web. Our web site has provision for downloading and uploading published articles, e-books and articles related to disease, drug and genes for registered users. All uploads by the user will be timely updated in the database. For registration, signup option is provided, registered user can login for downloading and uploading related information. Medicinal and research oriented news will be emailed to the email address provided by the user. Feedback option is given to receive feedback from the user, to improve the database. Advertisement option is provided for the advertisement companies to display their advertisement on the provided space of the web site after filling the form. Further the database is connected to social networking sites for gaining popularity. 4. Database availability The database can be accessed without any charges to retrieve disease, drug, gene and tool related information. Free registration is required for downloading and uploading the related content. 5. Salient features of the HDI HDI is a robust knowledge management system, that manages data mined knowledge, through cross-linking of the data marts and web resources. This user-friendly, data-intensive repository provide the user a platform to retrieve comprehensive disease related information and perform gene/protein sequence based analysis using direct links of the classified bioinformatics tools. HDI allow users to upload content to improve the data base. 6. Future directions HDI provide optimum information required for diagnosis and treatment of various human diseases. Currently, there are 625 diseases, 1440 genes, 320 drugs and 39 tools. The content of information in specified fields is rapidly expanding, our aim is to collect a complete dataset of human diseases, genes, drugs and tools and to generate a tool that can identify gene causing human disease. We also aim to integrate various bioinformatics tools to annotate human disease specific genes. In future, main challenge is to keep the dataset up to date with growing number diseases, genes, drugs and bioinformatics tools. 7. Conclusions HDI offers a premier platform that deals with all aspects of diseases including history, symptom, cause, epidemiology, treatment, precaution, etc. Moreover, all diseases have been linked with the pharmacology, genomics, proteomics and many other relevant databases. HDI will not only help in greater understanding of the diseases and provide primary data for research but also enable to find the interactions between various diseases by comparing them by various biotools provided here in our database. The information provided shall lay the foundation for further advances in disease diagnosis and also help in design of novel approaches for diagnosing and treating diseases. We consider that, with enrichment of the database, user will get information about all of the human diseases.

Challenges of Living with Diabetes Essays -- Health Medicine

A long-term health condition can also be referred to as a ‘chronic illness’ and it can be used to define recurring conditions such as asthma, arthritis, and diabetes. When living with a long-term health condition it can for some people present them with many new challenges. Not only does it take time for them to adapt and accept their illness but also they may feel affected not just physically, but psychologically, culturally, and sometimes even personally such as financial or relationships with family and friends. In this essay, I will examine in turn the main challenges people with diabetes face. Sometimes with diabetes, a person may feel an array of emotions when their illness has been diagnosed this can vary from being confused, and anxious about their health and future, to feeling resentment and frustration with their own bodies. It is also common that many people who have long-term health conditions can also be susceptible to depression and stress when attempting to deal with the aspects of their illness, such as being reliant on insulin injections or having to take care about what they eat and drink. As explained in an article by W.H Polonsky. (K101, Resources 3, pg19 ) Many individuals may feel as if they have lost control of their everyday routines, or are somewhat defeated when following treatments programmes and not being able to see an improvement in health. Recently healthcare professionals recognized that if they provide patients with well-defined, straightforward information and knowledge about their illness, it could encourage people to take more of an involved role in managing their condition, such as setting achievable goals, or becoming better practiced at monitoring and managing insulin levels. Thi... ...e boundaries of the physical situation but also that of their psychological status too. Works Cited Lawton, J., Ahmad, N., Hanna, L., Douglas, M. (2006) ‘Pakistani and Indian patient’s experience of Scottish diabetes services: a qualitative study.’ In: K101 An introduction to health and social care, resources, Block 2, pg. 15, Milton Keynes, The open university. NHS, (2010) Diabetes NHS choices, Available: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diabetes/pages/diabetes.aspx. Last accessed 4th Nov 2010. Polonsky, W.H (2006). ’Encouraging effective self-management in diabetes.’ In: k101 An introduction to health and social care, resources, Block 3, pg19, Milton Keynes, The open university. The open university (2008) K101 An introduction to health and social care, block 1, unit 2, Illness, health and care, pg. 84, Milton Keynes, The open university.

Articles of Confederation Essay

America’s first form of government was under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation was written after the Revolutionary War, compiled of ideas by the Continental Congress. Under the Articles of Confederation its powers included conducting foreign relations, settling disputes between states, controlling maritime affairs, regulating Indian trade, and valuing state and national coinage. It purposely did not give the national government all the power in fear of tyranny like in Britain. In the end, the Articles of Confederation proved to be both inadequate in economic conditions and foreign relations. Under the Articles of Confederation the national government was not allowed to raise revenue to finance the war and other essential needs that a country need money for. The state governments had control of taxing the American people but many were unwilling to do so. So to try and finance the war the government and the states started to print currency. Although the currency was just paper and not backed by anything it was given out freely without excessive downgrading during 1775 to 1776. As 1776 went on the demand for both military supplies and civilian goods began to increase as the war progressed. America also encouraged trade and local production between the states. As the end of 1776 was approaching, the armies suffered reverses in both New York and New Jersey causing the prices to rise and inflation to finally set in. The state governments tried to fight inflation by taking control of wages and prices, and accepting paper money equal to hard money. They would also borrow funds, establish lotteries and even levy taxes to try and stop inflation. Their efforts were useless, though Congress attempted to stop printing currency altogether, they relied solely on money contributed by the states. By 1780, currency was worthless. Congressmen started to take action by establishing a department of finance with help from Robert Morris, a wealthy Philadelphia merchant. The government then asked the states to amend the Articles of Confederation and allow the Congress to levy duty of 5% on imported goods. Robert Morris had put national finances on stable balance, but the customs that Congress asked for were never adopted. The states’ had resisted in fear that the central government would become too powerful. As the war was ending Congress had to face major diplomatic problems. In the Articles of Confederation Article 4 had promised repayment of prewar debts, most of which were owed to by Americans to British merchants. In Article 5 it stated that states should allow loyalists to recover their confiscated property, which aroused considerable opposition. The state governments passed lass that denied the British subjects the right to sue for the recovery of property or debts in American courts. Since Congress had no power under the Articles of Confederation to overturn the decision, many loyalists were unable to get back what had rightfully been theirs to begin with. With this decision it gave the British an excuse to main their military posts on the Great Lakes long after when troops were supposed to have withdrawn. This had showed Congress weakness in the area of trade because the Articles of Confederation denied power to establish a national commercial policy. Right after the war had ended, Britain, France and Spain limited American trade with the colonies. The Americans were outraged but were unable to do anything about it. They thought that after the war, their independence would bring about trade with all nations. Members of the Congress, watched as British manufactured goods started to flood the states, while American produce could no longer be sold in British West Indies, once its prime market of trade. In the areas of finance, overseas trade and foreign affairs the Articles of Confederation were obviously inadequate. Congress was not allowed to levy taxes, nor was it able to impose its will on the states to establish a commercial policy. The Articles of Confederation, led the economy into a depression. The Continental Congress gave little power under the Articles of Confederation to the central government in fear of tyranny. In the end it only proved that too little power is not sufficient in controlling both economic conditions and foreign relations.